Bibliography on GM Crops

“4 Examples of Genetically Modified Crops.” Bionet. http://www.bionetonline.org/English/Content/ff_cont3.htm. 7 Nov 2006.
Golden rice is genetically modified rice that now contains a large amount of A-vitamins. The rice contains the element beta-carotene which is converted in the body into Vitamin-A.

“All don’t follow bio-tech rules, survey shows.” Wisconsin State Journal. September 11, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=403795141&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=44304&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Nov. 14, 2006.
Survey shows as many as 20% of farmers using Bt-corn don’t follow rules. Many do not plant rows of natural corn. This article contradicts previous article

Anderson, Paul and Jonathan Riley. (2004). “Monsanto Gives Up on GM Wheat.” Farmers Weekly, 140 (20), 7-7.
The article talks about how Monsanto, the company that started research on GM wheat, finally gave up on its plans to produce the product due to consumer skepticism. The company plans on putting the resources it was using to produce GM wheat into researching and developing new traits in maize, cotton, and oilseed instead. Even though six years of field testing showed that the GM wheat could increase crop yield by 5-15%, the project still had to be abandoned due to the lack of a market.

Baker, Maruin. “Biotech Wheat - Friend or Foe?.” Nov. 8, 2006.
http://www.organicconsumers.org/monsanto/wheatfoe.cfm.

Bindloss, Elizabeth. “A developmental analysis of cell length as related to stem length.” American Journal of Botany 10. JSTOR. 25 Nov. 2006.
This article describes cell lengths and structures to work with the GM tomatoes. It basically states how they make the tomatoes.

"Biotechnology (GM foods)." Food safety. 2006. World Health Organization. 19 Nov 2006. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/biotech/en/.
Information provided in this website is supported by the World Health Organization. Experts from all over the world had discussion about GM foods and the minutes are posted on this website. The section “20 questions on genetically modified foods” should be good enough to answer basic questions concerning the issue.

Boyd, Michael L., Wayne C. Bailey. “European Corn Borer: A Multiple-Crop Pest in Missouri” June 20, 2006. http://www.outreach.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/pests/g07113.htm. Nov. 16, 2006
Examining the European Corn Borer and its effects on corn, particularly in Missouri.

Bramley, Peter. “GM Tomatoes ‘fight cancer’.” BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/769507.stm. May 30, 2000.
GM tomatoes may have vitamins that help keep away cancer cells. The beta-carotene is turned into vitamin A by your body, and vitamin A is said to prevent serious diseases. They go on to say that the beta-carotene that is found in these tomatoes may prevent many different serious illnesses.

“Building Better Tomatoes.” River Deep. http://www.riverdeep.net/current/2002/04/042902t_gmfoods.jhtml. April 29, 2002.
The Flavor Savor tomato can be picked when it is ripe and it still will ship just fine. These modifications give tomatoes a longer shelf life.

Chrisafis, Angelique. “GM tomato could open up vast new agricultural lands.” Guardian unlimited. http://www. guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,530024,00.html. July 31, 2001.
This article explains that the new GM tomato is a good product for agriculture everywhere that has become too salty to farm, because the flvr svr tomato sucks up salt and can still produce in very salty fields, causing a lot of land that has since been lost because of the soils being to salty to be able to be farmed again and being solidified for future farm use again of regular crops.

Clark, Ann. “Farmers move to Block Modified Wheat.” Radio Canada. March 29th, 2002. http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2002/03/29/gmwheat020329.html. November 12th, 2006.
Farmers in Saskatchewan are suing the Monsanto Corporation over their development of genetically modified wheat. The farmers fear it will hurt their business if it is allowed to be sold in their country. It has happened before to them with GM Canola seeds blowing over into their fields and contaminating their fields. Monsanto defended their product by saying it allows for reduced usage of pesticides.

“Crops: Wheat.” GMO Compass. March 31st, 2006. http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/grocery_shopping/crops/22.genetically_modified_wheat.html. November 13th, 2006.
The beginning of the article gives an background on GM wheat by telling the history of Monsanto’s application and withdrawal from the GM wheat market due to consumer uncertainty. Scientists are still interested, however, in improving the GM wheat so it is actually beneficial to farmers. They are focusing on genetically modifying wheat to be resistant to disease, especially the dangerous Fusarium disease which cause stunted growth and harm to cattle and humans when eaten.

Dheer, Gautam . “BKU torches GM rice test field in Karnal.”
http://www.indianexpress.com/story/15675.html. 7 Nov 2006.
Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU) have torched the sole field in Haryana where tests for the modified rice variety were being carried out. The incident took place at Rampura where modified rice was in the harvest stage. Activists say that it would contaminate soil and affect the existing variety of rice. After the incident, BKU threatened to burn all such fields in the country where trials are underway.

Dresbach, Sereana; Flax, Holly; Sokolowski, Amanda; Allred, John. “The impact of genetically modified organisms on human health.” Ohio State University. http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5058.html.
The paper explains what GM foods are, the impact s they have had, the nutritional concerns, why the FDA approved these GM foods with no clinical trials. It is basically a research paper that these four pulled together after research on GM foods.

“Escaped Chinese GM rice reaches Europe.” Nature.
http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060904/full/060904-5.html. 7 Nov 2006.
Genetically modified (GM) rice from China is already on supermarket shelves in France, Germany and the United Kingdom. It isn't the first time that GM plants have escaped from field trials. GM strains of rice containing a herbicide-resitance gene, called LL Rice 601, have recently been found in the United States.

Fallding, Helen. “New Wheat Tested In Manitoba Genetically Modified Variety Could Help Solve $100-M Fungus Problem.” The Winnepeg Free Press. September 18th, 2004. http://www.whybiotech.com/html/CA_News_100104.HTMl. November 20th, 2006.
The Swiss based company Syngenta is researching a way to modify wheat to resist the Fusarium disease and potentially save farmers millions of dollars. The company is researching the wheat in Canada, the United States, and Great Britain and is experiencing a large resistance by environmentalists. Syngenta hasn’t yet come up with a GM wheat crop and says that the earliest it could have a prototype would be 2010.

“Farmers Oppose Genetically-Modified Wheat.” The Madison Leader. May 7th, 2003. http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=7942395&BRD=1302&PAG=461&dept_id=181978&rfi=6. November 13th, 2006.
Mohammed Mergoum grows genetically modified wheat on test plots at North Dakota State University. He must receive permission from the government to plant the GM seeds and must plant them in an area where there is no other wheat around to avoid contamination. The article then talks with a Moorhead, Minnesota farmer who says the GM wheat would save him money. He also recognizes, however, that one of every two bushels of wheat he produces goes overseas and that they aren’t ready to accept the GM wheat.

"Genetically Modified Foods and Organisms." Human Genome Project Information. 06 Sep 2006. genomics.energy.gov. 19 Nov 2006. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml.
The website is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and Human Genome Program. It talks about the ethical, legal, social issues concerning GM rice.

“Genetically Modified Tomato Gives Birth.” Babylon express.http://www.scoop.co.nz /stories/HL0109/S00021.htm. September 5, 2001.
This article talks about the birth of the GM tomato, first general reactions to the tomato, and how the scientists who developed it had to store the tomato for it to be ok.

“Genetically Modified Wheat.” National Farmers Union of Canada. June 5th, 2003. http://www.nfu.ca/briefs/GM_wheat_brief_PDF.bri.pdf. November 12th, 2006.
The article, written by an organization made of farmers from Canada, gives a short overview of what genetically modified wheat is. The rest of the article is comprised of nine reasons why the organization recommends that the Canadian government ban the production of GM wheat because the benefits are far outweighed by the consequences.

“Genetically Modified Wheat.” Western Organization of Resource Councils. http://www.worc.org/issues/art_issues/gmwheat.html. November 12th, 2006.
Due to strong opposition by the WORC and other advocates, the project to develop genetically modified wheat was abandoned by the Monsanto Corporation due to concerns about market acceptance, environmental risk, and human health concerns. The WORC stated that they will not approve of the herbicide resistant wheat until the questions about these concerns have been answered.

“Genetically Modified Wheat Still a Market Risk.” The New Farm. November 17, 2004. http://www.newfarm.org/news/2004/1104/111904/gm_wheat.shtml. November 12,2006.
The article describes how the risk of introducing genetically modified wheat is still prominent, even after Monsanto gave up its research on the subject. There isn’t just regional opposition to the GM wheat, as most European countries do not support GM foods, even though a ban on GM foods was recently lifted. The introduction of GM wheat into a market that either isn’t ready for it or doesn’t want it would be a very risky process. A Montana wheat grower, Helen Waller, summarizes the situation best, “The biotech industry needs to slow down, and policy makers need to catch up."

"Gene Genie." Gene Genie. 2005. Gene Genie. 19 Nov 2006. http://www.genegenie.com.au/.
Gene Genie is not associated with any biotechnology industry. It aims to provide information about genetically modified (GM) food and crops and encourage discussion about the topic. Current issues about GM food and crops are also provided in this site.

“GM Rice Legal Challenge Issued.” Friends of The Earth .http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/eu_clamps_down_on_gm_rice_23082006.html.
7 Nov 2006.
All US long grain rice must be tested to ensure that they do not contain an unauthorized genetically modified rice strain. The environmental campaign group has stressed that this incident highlights the need for tighter measures to prevent future contamination.

“GM Rice Patent Given Away.” BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/865946.stm. 7 Nov 2006.
The lack of vitamin A leads to a million child deaths a year and 300,000 cases of blindness. The biotechnology giant Monsanto will give away the patents to a genetically modified rice grain that could help stop blindness and malnourishment. It also opens rice genome sequence database to researchers around the world.

“GM tomato to fight disease.” BBC news. http://www.biotech-info.net/GM_tomato.html. May 2, 2001.
This article talks about how the flavor savor tomato can help with the fight of cancer and also explains how other vegetables and plants out there help keep your body healthy also.

Grierson, Donald ; Schuch, Wolfgang. “Control of Ripening.” The Royal Society 1993:10. JSTOR. 25 Nov. 2006.
Scientists explain how they can control the ripening of these tomatoes through genetic modification, so they can make the tomatoes perfect when the consumer is ready to buy them. They talk about how they found and researched the specific ripening genes.

Hepeng, Jia. “GM Rice May Soon be Commercialized.”
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/27/content_412646.htm.
7 Nov 2006.
Xia Guoyuan, a 40-year old farmer in Xiaguanyuan Town in Hubei feels satisfied with his rice harvest. He was selected last year to plant genetically modified (GM) rice, able to resist pests last year. Xia has now saved about 80 per cent of the pesticides. All the GM rice harvested on Xia's farm was bought by scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) for research.

Hurley, Terrance M., Ines Langrock, Ken Ostlie. “Estimating the Benefits of Bt Corn and Cost of Insect Resistance Management Ex Ante” Logan. Aug. 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1123336181&sid=1&Fmt=4&clientId=44304&RQT=309&VName=PQD November 14, 2006.
Number crunching the benefits vs. costs of bt corn. Benefits are approx. $14 to 33.4 million. Costs are approx. $3.5 to 8.7 million. Numbers taken from surveys of farmers.

Kaur, R. “ Inheritance of bacterial blight resistance in two accessions of wild rice”
Dec 2005. http://gramene.org/newsletters/rice_genetics/rgn22/v21.html.
Bacterial blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most economically serious diseases of lowland irrigated rice. It can cause yield losses up to 50%. It is the major disease in Punjab state of India and resistance breeding Extensive cultivation of rice in Punjab began only in 1970s but variability in the pathogen seems very high.

Kurata, N. and J. Bennett. “GM Rice: will this lead the way for global acceptance of GM
crop technology?”http://www.pgeconomics.co.uk/gm_rice.htm. 7 Nov 2006.
The use of GM technology in the food supply chain is currently controversial. This is largely a result of the expression of strong anti-GM technology sentiment by Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth and other interest groups concerned about potential health and environmental effects.

Lambrecht, Bill. “Can New Wheat Be Separated From the Chaff of Uncertainty?” Krafted: Genetically Krafted Foods. December 20th, 2003. http://www.krafty.org/articles/can_new_wheat_be_separated.html. November 12th, 2006.
Kraft foods, one of the biggest food companies in the world, has doubts about producing food from genetically modified wheat due to customer unease and the fact that they aren’t aware of any benefits in doing so. The article states that although other GM crops have been produced in the past, most of them were for consumption by animal and only small amounts ended up in human food sources. GM wheat is the first modified crop specifically meant for consumption by humans and companies and consumers are skeptical.

Miller, Scott and Scott Kilman. “Biotech-Crop Battle Heats Up as Strains Mix With Others.” http://www.truthabouttrade.org/article.asp?id=4749. Nov. 26, 2006.
The main focus of the article is that there is a problem with contamination between crop fields and that many farmers are having problems selling their non-GM crops for a profit. There are interviews of farmers and their situations are explained and discussed.

Moffat, Anne. “Developing Nations Adapt Biotech for own Needs.” Science 8 July 1994: 2. JSTOR. 25 Nov. 2006
This article explains how the flvr svr tomato is being adapted in the other countries and how other countries do not have the high precautions that the USA has.

“Monsanto puts GM wheat before regulators.” Planet Ark. http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/19336/story.htm. Nov. 21, 2006.
Two holds on mass distribution of GM wheat is the certification for GM wheat being safe for the public and improving the ability of keeping the GM wheat separate from the natural wheat.

Monoson, Ted. “Grower’s Opinion Mixed on Genetically Modified Wheat.” The Billings Gazette. January 1st, 2004. http://www.billingsgazette.com/newdex.php?display=rednews/2004/01/02/build/nation/60-gewheat.inc. November 13th, 2006.
Montana farmers talk about the costs and benefits of GM wheat. The GM wheat is resistant to the herbicide Roundup, so farmers can spray the herbicide and not worry about damaging their crops. The GM wheat would also increase crop yields. The GM wheat is not fully supported by the farmers, however, because the export countries are very skeptical about the crop and will not buy it.

“Most Bt growers follow insect management rules.” Associated Press. Telegraph-herald. January 23, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=782813551&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=44304&RQT=309&VName=PQD
November 14, 2006.
Report shows 91 % of farmers using Bt corn follow compliance. Any farmer not following compliance can be denied seed from provider.

Nagamura, Yoshiaki. “Rice DNA Clones and their Data Generated in the Rice Genome
Research Program” Dec 1997. http://rgp.dna.affrc.go.jp/rgp/ricegenomenewslet/nl12.html.
The Rice Genome Research Program has been conducting large-scale cDNA sequencing to construct a genetic map for mapping the rice genome. Sequence data of about 40 000 rice cDNA clones derived from several libraries have been generated during this program, and about 60% of the data have already been submitted to the DNA Data Bank of Japan.

Newell-McGloughlin, Martina. “Agricultural Biotechnology Ten Years On: Past, Present, and Prospects” 2004. http://ucsystembiotech.ucdavis.edu/PDFs/IAAE%20Brisbane.pdf. Nov. 16, 2006.
Research suggests Bt corn healthier than non altered corn.

Normile, Dennis. "Asia Gets a Taste of Genetic Food Fights." Science Vol. 289, No. 5483. 25 Aug 2000 1279-1281. 27 Nov 2006.
This article discusses about how different Asian countries are fighting against genetically modified food, despite their own effort of researching for it at a much earlier time. The Philippines is the main focus here but situations in other Asian countries such as China, Japan, India, and Thailand are also being mentioned in this article.

“No Need for GM Rice.” Biotech.Info. http://www.biotech-info.net/no_need.html.
7 Nov 2006.
Problems of night blindness in children, brought on by vitamin A deficiency, and anaemia with women had become an issue because of the simplified diet associated with the Agrochemical (Green) Revolution. They were problems well known to traditional "health science".

Pusztai, Arpad. “GM foods: Are they a risk to human/ animal health?” http://www.actionbioscience.org/ biotech/pusztai.html. June 2001.
This article explores the safety of the Flavor Savor tomatoes. There is not enough information out for the general public to really get a good opinion of the crops. All they are told is that the GM crops are equally substantial to the regular crops. The authors also go on to talk about the testing process and how they think it is unsafe.

“Rice Wars.” Institute of Science in Society. http://www.i-sis.org.uk/CPVPIGMR.php. 7 Nov 2006.
A war is building up between the corporate establishment and the peoples of the world for the possession of rice. In fact, it is their right to grow the varieties of rice they have created and continue to create, and in the manner they choose.

Sawahel, Wagdy. “Egyptian Scientists Produce Drought-Tolerant GM Wheat.”
http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1661&language=1. Nov. 7, 2006.
This article is focused on the need for drought tolerant wheat in Egypt because of the lack of precipitation in the growing season. The need for a wheat that will with stand more extreme temperatures is also discussed in the article

Sawahel, Wagdy . “Iranian scientists produce country's first GM rice. http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1937&language=1. 7 Nov 2006.
Iran's first genetically modified (GM) rice has been approved by national authorities. Researchers at the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII) modified rice to resist attack by insects by inserting a bacterial gene that produces a toxin. The chemical kills insects but is harmless to birds and mammals.

Schmidt, Charles W.. "Genetically Modified Foods: Breeding Uncertainty." Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 113, No. 8.Aug 2005 A526-A533. 27 Nov 2006. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0091-6765%28200508%29113%3A8%3CA526%3AGMFBU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S.
Written for the general public, this article is published in a magazine that allows colorful pictures and other visual elements. The article first talks about the definition of GM foods and then a colorful world map that illustrates the production, regulation and prohibition in different countries. It raises questions about health risks of consuming GM foods and then narrows the topic down to the U.S. regulatory system before ending it with talking about the future perspective.

Schulman, Miriam. “Attack of the killer tomatoes?” Santa Clara University. http://www.scu.edu/ethics/ publications/submitted/schulman/tomatoes.html.
This article explores both sides of the debate about GM tomatoes.

Smith, Ron. (2006). “Biotech Wheat Poised to Benefit U.S. Farmers.” Southwest Farm Press, 33 (8), 15-15.
The article is about the need for GM wheat. Forrest Chumley, of Kansas State University, sums up his point by saying, “The wheat industry needs this tool to control disease, increase crop yields, and improve nutrition.” He also thinks that it is important to develop GM wheat to save the U. S. farming industry. He thinks that the reason the idea is shunned by European and Asian countries is just because they are afraid of the unknown.

Solivo, Romulo Jr. “Anti-Bt Corn Campaign.”Business World. Dec. 21, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=944867231&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=44304&RQT=309&VName=PQD
November 14, 2006.
Government of Surallah, South Cotabato launches campaign against Bt corn. The area has strong opposition to Bt corn.

“Stop Genetically Modified Wheat.” Organic Consumers Association. http://www.organicconsumers.org/wheat/. November 12th, 2006.
The article talks about how wheat has been grown naturally for 10,000 years and has no need for genetic modification, especially due to the worries about environmental concern. It goes on to tell how GM seeds from Monsanto are patented so once the farmer buys the seed, they have to continue buying the seed every year. The GM crops already in existence from Monsanto are contaminating normal varieties and other types of crops in the fields. The implementation of GM wheat is also a large market risk. An estimated 300 million dollars a year is lost on other GM crops because the European Union will not buy GM foods.

“Study result not final proof Bt corn harmful to farmers.” BusinessWorld. March 2, 2004.
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=569005361&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=44304&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Nov. 14, 2006
Study shows that increased risk of allergies/reactions using bt corn. According to article, that is not final physical proof.

Taguchi-shiobara, F. “Alleles in three rice panicle genes, Dn1, Ur1 and Cl, and the effects of genetic backgrounds.”http://www.gramene.org/newsletters/rice_genetics/rgn22/v08.html.
Allelism tests were performed among semi-dominant mutants of Dense panicle 1 (Dn1), Undulated rachis 1 (Ur1) or Clustered available on Oryzabase .These mutants were maintained in different laboratories for many years.

Tester, Mark. "Depolarizing the GM Debate." New Phytologist Vol. 149, No. 1Jan 2001 9-12. 27 Nov 2006. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0028-646X%28200101%29149%3A1%3C9%3ADTGD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W.
This is an article published in a forum, which means that it is strictly about the author’s opinion on the GM debate. The author suggests that there are too many generalizations concerning the topic GM and thus both the supporting and opposing sides are not really explaining themselves well. The public is therefore uncertain about the GM debate and choose to oppose GM foods, which is not good for technology advances in the future.

“That was the food that was?” National Centre for Biotechnology Education. http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/NCBE/GMFOOD/menu.html.
This website talks about when GM tomatoes first came out--how they were viewed and how producers wanted people to view the new GM product. They talk about how it was semi popular when it first came out and then how it was brought down after the GM potatoes and the rat experiment came out. They basically talk about how the companies who produced these GM tomatoes wanted the public to notice the new type of tomatoes.

"A unique feat: Golden Rice accumulates provitamin A (ß carotene) in the grain." Golden Rice. 2006. Golden Rice. 19 Nov 2006. http://www.goldenrice.org/index.html.
Seeing the “need for a sustainable biofortification programme to solve the scourge of micronutrient deficiencies worldwide,” The Golden Rice Project was born in 2004. In this website, the technology behind GM together with other information such us how to cook Golden Rice are illustrated.

“Wheat Retreat.” Daily Mojo. http://www.motherjones.com/news/dailymojo/2004/05/05_515.html.
The article focuses on the huge debates in ND where many are torn between how they, the farmers, feel about GM Wheat and its production.

"Why a GM Freeze?." GM FREEZE. 16 Nov 2005. GM FREEZE. 19 Nov 2006. http://www.gmfreeze.org/page.asp?id=225&iType=1081.
The GM Freeze is a campaign that aims to bring individuals together against the production of GM foods. Supporters of this website believe that GM “has the potential to cause massive social, economic and environmental effects worldwide.”

Witkowski, J. F. et al. “ Bt Corn and European Corn Borer: Long Term Success Through Resistance Management”. 1997. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/DC7055.html. Nov. 16, 2006
General site about Bt corn and the European Corn borer.

Young, R. Pr-26: Planned release of genetically modified tomatoes in Australia. Unifoods Pty. http://www.ogtr.gov.au/pdf/volsys/pr26.pdf. Dec 1993.
This article talks about Unifoods’ release of GM tomatoes, about how and where they planned to release them, and how they planned to transport them to that site.